Category: Uncategorized

Was Published on the May 31, 2020

As matters now stand, ninety days after the March 2020 elections, the wish of the Granger-led APNU+AFC is that Claudette Singh will deliver to it a victory denied by the electorate. That party has reason to be optimistic. Claudette Singh voted against eight and one-half of the ten motions brought by the opposition-appointed GECOM commissioners; was present on both occasions when Mingo made his transparently fraudulent District 4 declaration; compounded that failure by keeping that declaration live; insisted on a recount Order (# 60 of 2020) in violation of the Aide Memoire of the agreement signed by Granger, Jagdeo and CARICOM chair; and allowed herself to be transformed into a figure of national derision by Lowenfield, Roxanne Myers and the COVID Task Force.

There is fear that the allocation of stations in the Recount Order and Addendum of May 29 as they become available seems designed to ensure that the recount will be a replay of Mingo’s District Four fiasco with the difference being that that this time, the main actors will be Lowenfield and Myers. The same Myers who was installed through the instrumentality of Granger’s illegally appointed James Patterson.

Having shared with Singh the date of appointment as Senior Counsel by Granger, Basil Williams is playing to Singh by praising her eminent qualifications and wealth of experience as a judge. He now seeks to encourage Claudette Singh to function as judge and jury, executor and arbitrator, public authority and tribunal. Again, Singh is so predictably unpredictable that she may very well admit that she and her Commissioners have failed in their duty to supervise elections in accordance with their constitutional mandate! 

Ignoring the basic principle that he who asserts must prove, Williams is now saying that it is GECOM’s responsibility to investigate APNU’s outlandish claims of discrepancies involving between 90,000 votes according to Aubrey Norton, and as much as 175,000 by Joseph Harmon. The claim being peddled by Harmon and Norton in particular, is simple in its inanity: take any box and raise a single question about one vote, and hey, the entirety of the votes in that box becomes discredited. What Harmon, Norton and Williams lack in intellect, commonsense and consistency, is over-compensated for by bullyism, deceit and force. 

With no evidence produced, Norton reduces his argument to absurdity by claiming that there were only 1,261 foreign voters or 65% of the Coalition’s 1,937 claims of irregularities, reminding me of my days doing Economics in school and being taught that spurious accuracy earns credibility. Unfortunately, Norton did not provide particulars of the irregularities involving the other 676 dead voters who arose from eternal sleep in the blissful Le Repentir, found their way to various polling stations, past the police, presiding officer and party agents, voted and then returned to their peaceful abode.  

Basil Williams has cited expansively the several recitals in the Recount Order but very conveniently ignores part of the recital that speaks of “statistical anomalies” which Harmon and Norton seem not to acknowledge or to understand. Let us try to help them.

1.  Each Polling Station has three GECOM officials – a presiding officer, a poll clerk and a counting agent. GECOM therefore had 7,017 officials in 2,339 polling stations. Add to that the 2,339 APNU+AFC Polling Agents and for the smaller parties 233 agents, being one out of every ten polling stations. That gives a grand total of 9,589 non-PPP persons. What is the statistical probability of not one of these 9,589 persons detecting a single one of the many thousands who according to Harmon, Norton and Williams committed impersonation on March 2, 2020?

2.  The indelible ink used to mark a voter’s index finger takes days and weeks to disappear or wash out. What is the statistical probability of even 1% of Norton’s 80,000 cleaning off their ink and finding someone looking like them, with a matching ID card turning up at these polling stations again and getting past 9,589 persons? Not to mention the 2,339 police officers standing at the entrance of the polling stations to deter various forms of voting offences. 

3.   What is the statistical probability of all these cases of double voting timing their entry to the hundreds of polling stations so as to avoid the visits by the scores of foreign and local observers including those from the pro-Government GPSU?

4.  What is the statistical probability of the APNU+AFC dominated GECOM Secretariat led by Lowenfield and Myers employing not one, not one hundred, not one thousand, but 7,017 individuals who could possibly be so inept not to detect a single anomaly on voting day?  

5.  What is the statistical probability of all 2,339 APNU+AFC polling agents being so collectively incompetent, blind, dumb and asleep unable to detect or report a single case of the type of anomaly of which the APNU+AFC recounting agents are now claiming took place on a scale so massive that the elections are no longer credible? 

6.  The PPP/C gained 202,000 votes in 2015 and 232,000 votes in 2020. If we take away Harmon’s 86,000 votes from the PPP/C’s 2020 votes, they are left with 146,000 votes. What is the statistical probability of a Party that had thrashed the APNU and the AFC in November 2018 municipal elections by a margin of 1.8:1 losing 37% of its voter support between 2015 and 2020?

7.  If Harmon’s 86,000 figure is correct it means that 20% of the votes cast in 2020 are invalid. What is the statistical probability of one out of every five votes cast being unlawful in a thoroughly paper-based elections? 

Like Williams, I am relying on the skewed Order 60 that was rigged away from a recount to a farcical audit. The foolishness being peddled by Harmon, Norton and Williams and their Recount agents cannot pass the commonsense test. GECOM ought not to have encouraged and accepted such nonsense in the first place. When all these statistical probabilities are added together, they have moved to the realm of impossibility. Note that I am using a matrix clearly consistent with Order 60.

I will not presume to tell Claudette Singh what she should do with the recurring theme of unsubstantiated anomalies in the Observation Reports. It is clear that they have no merit. But so too was the fraudulent tabulation of Mingo, Volda Lawrence and Lowenfield which Claudette Singh has preserved rather than investigate. Instead, quite outside of her and GECOM’s jurisdiction, she is pursuing baseless allegations in violation of her own principle in the Esther Perreira case that he who asserts must prove.

Finally, I draw attention to the opinion of Chief Justice Roberts of the US Supreme Court in a decision handed two days ago in a COVID-19 related case: improbability and its converse are fundamental to the determination of litigated issues.

Was Published on May 18, 2021

Apart from making Guyana win top spot in the Guinness Book of Records for the longest count of election votes on both an absolute and per capita basis, GECOM’s conduct of the recount has not been short of clownishness. Some weeks ago I referred to Claudette Singh, GECOM’s Chairman as heading a circus. Claudette is helped by a huge (no pun intended) pool to draw from. As the defeat of the APNU+AFC is confirmed by each ballot recounted, both desperation and clownishness seem to have affected the Coalition’s leaders and their surrogates.

The most recent victim is Amna Ally, General Secretary of the PNCR who on Friday told the media that one dead voter would invalidate the elections – the APNU+AFC’s Plan D after the Mingo/Lowenfield skit failed to deliver the swearing in of their leader David Arthur Granger. Had Ally used her recent attempts to engage Claudette Singh to ask her about the case brought by PNCR supporter Esther Perreira adjudicated by the same Claudette Singh, she would have learnt that Singh said in that case the following: “In other words, even if an unlawful act or omission is proved, the election would be valid if the conduct of the election was substantially in accordance with the electoral laws and the unlawful act or omission did not affect the result.”

Ally might also not have learnt about the part of the Esther Perreira decision in which Claudette Singh stated that in election petition matters, the petitioner has to prove her case on “a preponderance of probability”. What is coming out from people like Coretta McDonald, James Bond, Ayodele Roach, Carol Joseph, Kidackie Amsterdam, Christopher Jones and Sherod Duncan are mere fishing expeditions, meant to waste time and stretch the life of a twice illegal government. They are of no evidentiary value.      

And shortly before Ally, elections cognoscenti and GECOM’s self-appointed spokesperson Vincent Alexander told the media that if the votes in one of a hundred boxes could not be counted because the box was soaked, then there should be a by-election! No Mr. Alexander, the national PR system does not work that way. Both Alexander and the Chair know that the only problem facing GECOM is the fraudulent tabulation of the Region Four votes by Mingo and Lowenfield’s inchoate attempt to act upon it. This circus, and the waste of taxpayers’ money, could have ended long ago if Singh and Alexander were committed to doing the right thing and demand the SOP’s from the Mingo/Lowenfield duo.

Of course, the first aspirants to Claudette Singh’s pool was crime sleuth extraordinaire Khemraj Ramjattan who, using his special lens, detected the work of Russian hacks who were able to penetrate the homes, offices and safes of all the officials holding the original copies of the statements of polls, cleverly erasing and inflating the APNU+AFC’s numbers and deflating the PPP/C’s numbers so that they could match Mingo’s! Ramjattan’s astuteness was emulated by his colleague David Patterson who opposed live streaming because it was an industrial relations/human rights issue. And showing a facility with maths invented by the AFC leadership, he argued against the consecutive counting of the Regions votes because “to recount each region one at a time doesn’t make sense. By the time you get to Region Four, we will be probably in day 35.” Poor David, a quantity surveyor with a supposed facility with figures, is infected with fake maths which tell him that the duration of the count will be shortened if the votes of the Regions were recounted concurrently rather than consecutively. The mathematical fabric of this country has been destroyed for a generation or two – thanks to the AFC leadership and the Court of Appeal.

Harmon, Trotman and Broomes held up Granger on March 5 in Lamaha Street and told how he had won the elections. He seemed a bit dazed, spoke hurriedly and made a quick exit. Now, after all the clownish displays, subterfuges, denials of international observers and most pathetic attempts to discredit the voting on March 2, Aubrey Norton, PNCR Executive Member is claiming that the same results under which they were vigorously clamouring to install Granger – in a historic use of other people’s language – are from a flawed election. But let me explain Norton. His incredulity about the elections is that with just about every advantage conceivable, the APNU+AFC lost the elections by no small margin. GECOM was clearly in its corner, if not its pocket. Indeed, had it not been for such partisanship and quite a bit of fraud, the APNU+AFC would already have been confirmed as losers, sparing the country the risk of international sanction. Having the elections regulator on your side is clearly worth a bit. Sadly, I have to state that I think that the Court’s failure to act sensibly in some cases and decisively in others also gave GECOM and the APNU+AFC time to play with the Voters List and consumed in no small measure the energy of the opposition. The Coalition had the Consolidated Fund at its disposal, and the big contractors in their corner – all worth millions of real Dollars. It had incumbency – that too worth a few percentage points. It had and continues to have the executive, including the Government, the State agencies, the Army, the Police, the streets. You are right, Norton. Not only is it incredible that they could lose, they really deserved to lose.

Published on On March 24, 2020

There are three supreme organs of democratic power in Guyana: The Parliament which is made up of the President and the National Assembly; the President; and the Cabinet. The Cabinet has been dissolved and compliments of the CCJ, the President and his Cabinet are lame duck institutions. Moreover, David Granger’s moral authority has been severely damaged by the patently fraudulent declaration of results by the Returning Officer of Region 4 which the Chief Justice (ag.) has declared unlawful and unconstitutional. Given the opportunity to make amends, the Returning Officer compounded his illegality by what appears to have been fraudulent means. A Contempt Action against him has stalled. Then one of Granger’s candidates brought an action effectively to uphold the fraudulent declaration. That case is being heard by a different judge and Guyanese face the prospects of conflicting decisions from the court.

If the second judge accepts the arguments advanced by the lawyers for Granger’s candidate, the average Guyanese will be totally confused. Such confusion alone, will add to concerns on how the courts can be used to subvert democracy, undermining their confidence in the court system. 

Granger discredited the presidency when in an agreement with the Leader of the Opposition, he brought CARICOM officials to supervise the recount only to have the agreement scuttled by his GECOM nominees and by one of his own candidates. We cannot forget GECOM, a constitutional body responsible for the holding of proper elections. It has shamelessly discredited the entire elections by its clumsy and incompetent declaration process, exposing Guyana to imminent, international pariah status.      

Then there is the Guyana Police Force whose conduct in a number of events related to the elections has caused the recall of memories of Burnham’s goons – the Rabbi Washington-led House of Israel. With no Parliament, there can be no Budget and heaven knows what the Finance Minister is doing with the Consolidated Fund. So we really have only some basic features of a functioning state still in operation.

I had held the view following the No Confidence Motion (NCM) that Granger’s position as President had become unlawful and by virtue of Article 95 of the Constitution, the Chancellor of the Judiciary ought to have assumed the presidency. The CCJ however, by unfortunate and unnecessary language, gave Granger a respite. The situation concerning Granger’s legitimacy has again surfaced with compelling evidence that he has lost the elections. He is clearly hanging on by way of the shenanigans of his people in GECOM and his Party’s use of the court system.

GECOM’s mandate is to deliver results no later than fifteen days after the elections. It is now twenty-one days since the elections and it seems clear that the results can take weeks and possibly months, before the matter is finally resolved. Following that declaration, there will be a number of steps before the commencement of the Twelfth Parliament. The Minister of Finance will then have three months to present a Budget. There is no guarantee when normal spending will resume. Other constitutional bodies, the public service and state agencies will have to operate on a limited budget – hardly desirable in the first year of oil. Assuming that this is all done under the flawed declaration by the Returning Officer of Region 4, every state agency and public official will have to confront the wider question of their role and relationship with an illegitimate and illegal administration.

In this very grim scenario, some mention should be made of the Guyana Defence Force which is also a constitutional body, though like the other executive arms of the state, not a democratic organ. 

The oath taken by officers of the GDF is to “bear true and faithful allegiance to the State of Guyana … and to honour, uphold and reserve the Constitution”. One of the insertions to the 1980 Constitution made as part of the Herdmanston inspired constitutional reforms was Article 197A which is reproduced below:   

“(1) The State’s defence and security policy shall be to defend national independence, preserve the country’s sovereignty and integrity, and guarantee the normal functioning of institutions and the security of citizens against any armed aggression.

(2) The Defence and Security Forces shall be subordinate to national defence and security policy and owe allegiance to the Constitution and to the Nation. The oath taken by members of the Defence and Security Forces shall establish their duty to respect the Constitution.

(3) The Guyana Defence Force established under the Defence Act shall in the discharge of its constitutional responsibilities function in such a manner as to earn the respect and enjoy the confidence of citizens.”  

Quite what the defence and security policy of Guyana is, is not set out in any single document but I draw guidance from an autographed copy of Granger’s book National Defence – A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force.  At page 39, under the caption Power, Granger’s opening words were “A major influence on defence policy – the constitutional factor – was derived in theory, from the House of Assembly and the Council of Ministers”. I rely on this not only because Granger has occupied the position of President, but also because Granger was the political commissar in the GDF during Burnham’s tenure. He must be taken to understand the concept and operation of the country’s defence and security policy and the GDF’s duty to carry out that policy set out in post-Burnham changes to the Constitution. 

The Guyana Defence Force has its own Act: the Defence Act Cap. 15:01. That Act is of course subordinate to the Constitution but it does provide for a Defence Board which includes many of the offices which have now become constitutionally and legally suspect, including the President and the Prime Minister. While the Act vests broad powers in the Defence Board, it also contains specific express and implied exceptions reserved for GDF.     

Commendably, the GDF has maintained a respectful silence over what might have been seen as a civilian matters. It has to be pointed out however, that the installation of any administration under a tabulation process widely regarded as rigged by both domestic and international observers, will cease to be a civilian matter – it goes to the root of our Constitution. In that scenario, it would be difficult to see how the GDF can continue holding to the view that the matter remains a civilian issue and still “earn the respect and enjoy the confidence of citizens.”  The possibility of Guyana ticking all the boxes of a failed state is becoming more likely. Making the unwelcome threat of sanctions all the more real.

Dear Editor,
There are four days before Nomination Day to be followed by fifty two days before elections for the sixty-five seats in the National Assembly – twenty-five for geographical constituencies (GC) and forty for the national top-up list. So far, apart from the APNU+AFC and the PPP/C, there are about a dozen parties which have announced their intention to contest the elections on their own, despite the general call that they seek some form of electoral alliance.

It has to be assumed that their leaders are confident that they can overcome the formidable hurdles in their way posed by the election laws, the resource challenges and the experiences of smaller parties in past elections.

The first hurdle, the Representation of the People Act, imposes on each party the requirement that it must contest a minimum of six Geographical Constituencies – which coincide with the Administrative Regions – accounting for thirteen of the twenty-five geographical constituency seats. But not any six since Constituencies 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 only account for twelve seats. In other words, any party seeking to contest the elections has to include at least one of Constituencies 3, 4 and 6. While Constituency 4 accounts for seven seats, the other six of the thirteen have to come from five constituencies, even though Constituencies 3, 4 and 6 account for thirteen seats.

While the six-Constituency requirement is partly nominal – parties may choose to focus attention and resources on as few Geographical Constituencies as they choose the practical challenge is the requirement that each Party list must be supported by a minimum of three hundred eligible members for the national top-up list and one hundred a fifty members for each geographical constituency. In other words, at a minimum the list for each party has to be supported by twelve hundred voters, who have to be drawn from the respective Geographical Constituencies.

Another major challenge concerns resources. The large contractors, major companies and overseas supporters who contribute to elections funds are reluctant to donate to the smaller parties because of their perceived slim chances of winning, and therefore of rewarding their donors after the elections. Paradoxically, while the larger parties can campaign with outsized rallies, the smaller parties with very thin leadership and cadre of helpers have to knock on doors and plead with voters to support their largely unknown entities and leadership. The investment in time per vote is correspondingly much greater for the smaller parties than the bigger ones.

A more neutral issue is the system for the allocation of seats based on the proportional representation system known as the largest remainder using the “Hare quota”. The twenty-five Geographical Constituency seats are declared and their MPs are elected before the national top-up seats are declared. For all practical purposes, Regions 8 and 9 which have one seat each is effectively based on the first-past-the-post since the list with the highest number of votes wins that seat, regardless of the overall number of votes cast for that list nationally. Just by way of example, Geographical Constituency No. 8 in 2015 was won with 1,837 votes when the votes required for allocation of a seat to the National Assembly under the proportional representation system was 6,338. Had a smaller party taken that seat and nothing else, its candidate would have sat in the National Assembly with a vote as powerful as those earned by the other sixty-four members of the Assembly.

There are other requirements such as the fraction of one-third of the number of persons on the lists of candidates for geographical constituencies taken together to be female and a restriction (20%) of the lists without any female.

History too is not on the side of these smaller parties: unless they can win a Geographical Constituency seat, their chances for a National Top-up seat will depend on them coming out on top of the highest remainder after all full seats have been allocated. The pattern of elections since 1997 shows that votes for the small parties are usually wasted. In 1997, six small parties with 6,022 votes won no seat while one party with over one thousand fewer votes made it into the National Assembly. In elections 2001, three small parties captured 4600 votes but no seat. If the largest and smallest of the three had gone into the elections together, they would have easily won a seat. In 2006, one such party received 2571 votes but not a single seat. Election 2011 saw the rise of the AFC and the smaller parties coalescing around the PNCR in the APNU with only the TUF as a small party gaining 885 votes but no seat. Because the presidency is won based on the plurality of votes, Donald Ramotar won the presidency for the PPP/C in that year with a plurality of votes and a minority of seats – 32 out of sixty-five. Most recently, in elections 2015, the David Granger-led APNU+AFC came out on top with a majority of 4,506 votes over the PPP/C while four small parties gained a total of 2100 votes but no seat. We will know on March 2 whether history will continue to repeat itself.

Yours faithfully,
Christopher Ram

This was Published February 7, 2021

Introduction
It has been a week of fast-moving events. This past Monday (February 3), the London-based NGO Global Witness released a report `Signed Away’ in which it made the claim that had Guyana properly negotiated the 2016 Petroleum Agreement with Esso/Hess/CNOOC Nexen, it would have received some US$55 billion more than what it would receive under the contract it now has. By a strange coincidence, a Government sponsored report by Clyde & Co, a law firm out of the UK, appeared in the electronic media despite having as its first words Strictly Private and Confidential.

The Government of Guyana went into overdrive, describing the Global Witness Report as “baseless”, “sensationalist, agenda-driven and extra-ordinarily speculative.” Criticisms came not only from the Government but from a contributor in Forbes Magazine of the USA and Rystad Energy a research company from abroad and high profile local individuals such as Ms. Melinda Janki and Mr. Wesley Kirton. The comments from Forbes were logically understandable as it saw the report as an attack piece aimed at some of the biggest players in the oil and gas sector. Forbes saw it necessary to defend its friends in that sector.

Understanding numbers and projections Rystad argued that its 2% royalty and 50% share of profit will give the Government 60% of the profit from Esso’s various projects. For her part, Melinda Janki in a letter in the Stabroek News accused Global Witness of putting out “Lala-land estimates”. I doubt that Ms. Janki was aware that accompanying the Global Witness report was the extensive worksheets and report by OpenOil setting out the assumptions used in the projections – including from Rystad and the United States Government. While Rystad did not mention Global Witness in the press release it issued, it sought to counter pose Global Witness’ recommended 69% with its own strange math for his part, Kirton seemed to see the expressed concerns of GW as analogous to a marriage, and of course as arrogance and disrespect for us Guyanese. I wonder what he thinks of an ExxonMobil person Ms Brooke Harris writing the draft Cabinet paper justifying the give-away of the century to a foreign oil company on the 50th Anniversary of Guyana’s Independence Day!

The Government had the upper hand: Exxon had the Government I have read the Global Witness Report and the projections and long-term estimates by OpenOil. If I have any concern, it is that the estimate of US$55 billion is conservative and understated. It did not take any account of the abundance of gas and it used a median range of oil contracts for oil production which were negotiated before oil was found. Also omitted is that the Government has to pay the oil companies taxes for at least the next forty years from its share of oil profits. And significantly, by the time the 2016 Agreement was signed, there were two major world class finds and Exxon by its own admission was operating under an expired contract. The Government clearly had the upper hand. But Exxon had the Government. That was all that mattered.

Who paid Clyde? Now for the Clyde & Company report paid for by taxpayers. Like the Escrow Letter under the Bridging Deed, there are a multitude of annexes which are missing, including the Engagement Letter setting out the terms of reference and fees payable to the legal firm. But the Clyde and Co report seems to have had as a principal objective clearing the name of Minister of Natural Resources Raphael Trotman who stands accused of the most costly act of incompetence ever perpetrated on the people of this country.

Let us recall that by the time this report was commissioned in late 2019, oil and gas had been removed from Trotman’s portfolio. How he came to drive this Clyde process is quite a mystery. Yet, Trotman was allowed to select the law firm and to decide who they could meet: only two ministers – himself and Greenidge. He also decided which documents he would share with the law firm. As the Report states at paragraph 1.6.2 the Report was prepared on the basis of information provided by Trotman’s Ministry and the GGMC over which he has portfolio responsibility. One of Greenidge’s signal contribution was to give to the oil companies the assurance that US$15 million of the Signature Bonus would only be used to fund the proceedings with Venezuela in the International Court of Justice. In other words, at a minimum, to protect Exxon’s assets.

While Trotman’s list of interviewees did not include the oil companies, their presence pervades the report. We learnt that they “appeared” to put a lot of pressure on the Government to secure the 2016 Agreement in a short time scale, with different reasons Exxon’s subsidiary was driving to have a new agreement before the Liza-2 well results became fully known. “Arrogance and disrespect for us Guyanese”

The most important bit of information in the Report was the revelation that on the 25th May 2016, exactly fifty years to the day since Independence, while we were celebrating 50, Brooke Harris of ExxonMobil “provided by email a first draft of the Cabinet
Memorandum to Mrs. Homer (Mr. Trotman’s Legal Adviser)”. It did not stop there: Clyde states in its report that the Cabinet Memorandum was prepared along the lines of the Independence Day email and that draft versions were exchanged between Mrs. Homer and Ms. Harris right up to the 31st. May. It was submitted to Cabinet on June 3, the very next business day.

If ever Guyanese should be offended at – to borrow Wesley Kirton’s words – the arrogance and disrespect for us Guyanese, it is being told this by Clyde. Clyde also tells us that Trotman and Homer told their team that visited Guyana, that they received daily phone calls from the Contractor’s Consortium. And in the same Independence email, Ms Harris told Mrs. Homer that Esso had strong operational need to have the section 51 Order (tax variation) confirmed.

Conclusion
This is the first time in two years in which more than one Column was published in the week. It took a lot of effort to do three columns and I hope that Guyanese have a better understanding of the path down which the APNU+AFC has taken Guyana. One has
to wonder why the Government did and continues to do so many things in secret. We must remember that these things were not expected to come to light – the signing bonus, the Agreement, the Bridging Deed, the Escrow Letter and now the Clyde Report. It is the height or depth of stupidity for the Government to have considered the Clyde Report as exculpatory. For the excerpts cited above, it is damning. Laziness, absence of patriotism and a frightening complex for foreigners, prevented the Government – including President Granger – from doing basic reading.

The Government’s response to the Global Witness Report, its pattern of deceit and dissembling of facts, its obsequiousness to Esso in particular suggest that if by whatever means it remains in power, there is no hope of Guyana recovering from the infamous Contract, the product of a Cabinet Memorandum written by ExxonMobil. My hope is that the anger which the Bridging Deed revelation has aroused will be constructively managed and that Exxon will have been sufficiently exposed and embarrassed that it would voluntarily return to the bargaining table. I hope that I am not hoping in vain.